{"id":"c9f322a0-e5b4-431d-8339-78fbadba2bea","authors":[{"author":{"id":"4320f322-8a24-496f-a13c-752f867e93f4","openalex_id":"pmc:author:de_oliveira_hpm","orcid":null,"display_name":"de Oliveira HPM","works_count":0,"cited_by_count":0,"h_index":0,"last_institution":null,"country_code":null},"position":"middle"},{"author":{"id":"4a316409-4eb7-407c-88f3-ef830945640f","openalex_id":"pmc:author:pracchia_ml","orcid":null,"display_name":"Pracchia ML","works_count":0,"cited_by_count":0,"h_index":0,"last_institution":null,"country_code":null},"position":"middle"},{"author":{"id":"7d017eca-ab07-4113-9bcb-44dd08f715a7","openalex_id":"pmc:author:codognoto_l","orcid":null,"display_name":"Codognoto L","works_count":0,"cited_by_count":0,"h_index":0,"last_institution":null,"country_code":null},"position":"middle"},{"author":{"id":"82e2725a-94f8-4d7c-84e0-865d6c143a53","openalex_id":"pmc:author:cabello_cq","orcid":null,"display_name":"Cabello CQ","works_count":0,"cited_by_count":0,"h_index":0,"last_institution":null,"country_code":null},"position":"middle"},{"author":{"id":"88c52294-2a57-43b9-9a1f-91dda2eb8ce4","openalex_id":"pmc:author:martyniuk_cj","orcid":null,"display_name":"Martyniuk CJ","works_count":0,"cited_by_count":0,"h_index":0,"last_institution":null,"country_code":null},"position":"last"},{"author":{"id":"8eea212b-3c91-447f-a0e8-3fc4addaf95a","openalex_id":"pmc:author:valle_ema","orcid":null,"display_name":"Valle EMA","works_count":0,"cited_by_count":0,"h_index":0,"last_institution":null,"country_code":null},"position":"first"},{"author":{"id":"d75f75ca-976e-4da6-bd00-5d3d96930b65","openalex_id":"pmc:author:ivantsova_e","orcid":null,"display_name":"Ivantsova E","works_count":0,"cited_by_count":0,"h_index":0,"last_institution":null,"country_code":null},"position":"middle"}],"concepts":[],"publisher_name":null,"publisher_website_url":null,"publisher_info":null,"bib_extra":[],"journal_info":{"id":"890f4532-daf8-487d-ae77-950e74d829e9","slug":"toxics-23056304","sjr_quartile":"Q1","sjr_score":1.156,"sjr_year":2025,"sjr_history":{"2024":{"score":1.012,"quartile":"Q1","categories":["Chemical Health and Safety (Q1)","Toxicology (Q1)","Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis (Q2)"]},"2025":{"score":1.156,"quartile":"Q1","categories":["Chemical Health and Safety (Q1)","Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis (Q1)","Toxicology (Q1)"]}},"jif":4.1,"jif_quartile":"Q1","jif_year":2025,"doaj_seal":false,"is_curated":false,"ulke":"CH","url":"http://www.mdpi.com/journal/toxics/","h_index":95},"raw_data":{"abstract_tr":"Çevresel kirleticiler, maruz kalan organizmalar için tehdit oluşturur ve sinir, kardiyovasküler, bağışıklık ve üreme sistemlerini olumsuz etkiler. Per- ve polifloroalkil maddeler (PFAS), çevrede her yerde bulunan sentetik kimyasallardır. Çevresel kirleticilerin karışımlarının toksisiteyi artırma potansiyeli olduğundan, pestisitler, mikroplastikler veya metal maruziyeti ve PFAS ile birlikte sucul omurgasızlar üzerine mevcut literatürü inceledik. Amaçlar, PFAS ile seçilen kirleticilerin karışımlarının su organizmaları üzerindeki toksikolojik etkilerini değerlendirmek ve hayvanlarda biyolojik yanıtları daha iyi anlamaktı. İncelememize dayanarak, veriler PFAS'ın birlikte oluşan kirleticilerin toksisitesini değiştirebileceğini gösteriyor. Örneğin, toksisite üzerindeki sinerjik etkiler arasında klorpirifos + perflorohexano asit (PFHxA) bulunur; bu asit zebrabalıklarda reaktif oksijen türlerini (ROS) artırdı ve nörotoksisiteyle ilgili genleri aparatı, ayrıca malformasyon ve oksidatif stresi artıran perflorooktanoik asit (PFOA) + atrazin bulunur. Ancak, antagonistik etkileşimler de gözlemlendi; örneğin, PFOA + 2,4-diklorofenoksiasetik asit (2,4-D) karışımlarında herbisit toksisitesinin azalması. PFAS ile mikroplastiklerin birleşmesi genellikle oksidatif stresi ve gelişimsel veya üreme etkilerini artırdı; ancak polietilen mikroplastikler, levrek gibi balıklarda perflorooktan sülfonik asit (PFOS) kaynaklı immünotoksisiteyi azalttı. Metallerle etkileşimler de değişkenlik gösterdi; bakır ve kadmiyum oksidatif stresi artırırken, PFAS ile cıva karışımları antagonizma gösterdi ve bu da gerçek ortamlarda karışım etkilerinin karmaşıklığını vurguladı. Hesaplamalı bir yaklaşım, PFOS'un pestisitler, mikroplastik monomerler ve metallerle moleküller arası etkileşimler yapabildiğini gösterdi ve bu da toksisiteyi veya biyoyararlanılmayı değiştirebilecek kimyasal düzeyde etkileri önerdi. Gelecekteki çalışmalar, bu komplikasyonların altında yatan mekanizmaları açıklamaya odaklanmalıdır","abstract_source":"lens"},"openalex_id":"pmc:13211294","doi":"10.3390/toxics14050373","title":"Do Perfluorinated Chemicals Enhance the Toxicity of Other Contaminants in Aquatic Organisms? A Review.","publication_year":2026,"type":"article","cited_by_count":0,"is_open_access":true,"pdf_url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>Environmental contaminants pose threats to exposed organisms and negatively impact the nervous, cardiovascular, immune, and reproductive systems. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are synthetic chemicals that are ubiquitous in the environment. Given that mixtures of environmental contaminants have the potential to exacerbate toxicity, we reviewed the current literature on pesticides, microplastics, or metal exposure in combination with PFAS on aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates. The objectives were to evaluate the toxicological effects of mixtures of the selected contaminants with PFAS on aquatic organisms to better understand biological responses in animals. Based on our review, data suggest that PFAS can modify the toxicity of co-occurring pollutants. For example, synergistic effects on toxicity include chlorpyrifos + perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), which increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and upregulated neurotoxicity-related genes in zebrafish, and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) + atrazine, which increased the presence of malformations and oxidative stress. However, antagonistic interactions were also observed, for example, reduced herbicide toxicity in PFOA + 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) mixtures. PFAS combined with microplastics often intensified oxidative stress and developmental or reproductive effects, though polyethylene microplastics attenuated perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS)-induced immunotoxicity in fish like seabass. Interactions with metals also varied, with copper and cadmium enhancing oxidative stress while mercury mixtures with PFAS showed antagonism, underscoring the complexity of mixture effects in real environments. A computational approach demonstrated that PFOS can engage in intermolecular interactions with pesticides, microplastic monomers, and metals, suggesting chemical-level effects that could modify toxicity or bioavailability. Future studies should focus on elucidating the mechanisms underlying these complex interactions, investigating effects at different trophic levels and in a broader range of species, and should consider environmentally relevant mixtures.</jats:p>","source_name":"Toxics","source_issn":null,"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null,"language":"en","url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13211294/","is_relevant":true,"thesis_level":null,"title_tr":"Perflorlu kimyasallar sucul organizmalarda diğer kirleticilerin toksisitesini artırır mı? Bir inceleme.","license_code":"CC-BY","license_url":null,"doi_status":"unknown","doi_last_checked":null,"merged_at":null,"lens_id":"035-559-894-052-894","patent_cited_by_count":null,"oa_colour":"Gold","created_at":"2026-06-02T20:02:08.705820+03:00","updated_at":"2026-06-03T13:04:26.004104+03:00","publisher":null,"merged_into":null}